How to make puppy chow - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 253 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? How to Essay or Speech? How to make puppy chow? First you need a catchy introduction which you can provide! I will tell you body and conclusion. First you will need to make sure you have everything to make puppy chow! You will need peanut butter, chocolate chips, butter, crispex (or similar cereal) and of course powder sugar. Then you need to put 1 stick of butter, a cup of chocolate chips, and a cup of peanut butter into a small or medium sized bowl and melt it in the microwave. Around about two minutes is good but if it is still lumpy like then you want to put it in longer and when you take it out you need to stir it together so it is mixed very well together. Next you will need to find a large bowl and put in 9 cups of crispex or similar cereal. Then you will need to take that chocolate mixture that you melted in the microwave and pour it over the top of your crispex and then stir it to make sure that all the cereal is covered thoroughly and it all should be covered with the chocolate topping! Next you need to find a paper bag and put the chocolate covered cereal in it and pour over around 3 cups of powdered sugar and shake the bag to cover all the cereal with powdered sugar†¦you may need to add more powdered sugar depending on what you prefer. Conclusion: That is how you make puppy chow! Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How to make puppy chow?" essay for you Create order

Services Operations Management - 8601 Words

A PROJECT REPORT ON SERVICES OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT special reference to BPO SECTOR by Gaurav Tyagi 10DM-189 Gaurav Singh 10IB-029 Neha Sinha 10DM-093 Neha Kaushik 10DM-092 Harsh Shah 10IB-030 Keshav Shenoy 10HR-019 2010-2012 Under the guidance of Prof. Kunal Ganguly INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION Manufacturing, service and agriculture are the major economic activities in any country. In India, manufacturing and services together constitute nearly 75% of the GDP. Moreover, in recent years the growth in GDP is primarily due to the growth in these sectors of the economy. During the last ten years, the share of services in the GDP has grown steadily from about 40% to about†¦show more content†¦In a complex economy, both infrastructure and distribution services function as intermediaries and as the channel of distribution to the final consumer. Infrastructure services are a prerequisite for an economy to become industrialized; therefore, no advanced society can be without these services. In an industrialized economy, specialized firms can supply business services to manufacturing firms more cheaply and efficiently than manufacturing firms can supply these services for themselves. Thus, more and more often we find advertising, consulting, and other business services being provided for the manufacturing sector by service firms. Except for basic subsistence living, where individual households are self-sufficient, service activities are absolutely necessary for the economy to function and to enhance the quality of life. Consider, for example, the importance of a banking industry to transfer funds and a transportation industry to move food products to areas that cannot produce them. Moreover, a wide variety of personal services, such as restaurants, lodging, cleaning, and child care, have been created to move former household functions into the economy. Government services play a critical role in providing a stable environment for investment and economic growth. Services such as public education, health care, well maintained roads, safe drinking water, cleanShow MoreRelatedService Operations Management And Its Impact On Products And Services2222 Words   |  9 PagesIn the business world, many service operations management differ from manufacturing operations management in a number of ways. However, there are also some similarities that both share in various aspects of operations management. This essay illustrates and examines the differences and similarities in both types of operations through the use of relevant theories, case studies as well as real life experiences. 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Effects of Post-Stroke Rehabilitation on Older Adults Nursing-Care Free Essays

INTRODUCTION: Literature review is systematically written presentation on given area of study or topic (Burns and Saunders, 2005), and this paper is a systematic review, investigating the effects of post-stroke rehabilitation with special reference to older adults (?65). The Stroke Association [TSA] (2010b) defined stroke as disturbance to the brain’s blood supply resulting in damage(s) to brain’s cells/tissues (Figure1). The rationale (see appendix1) is partly because National Audit Office [NAO] (2005p. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Post-Stroke Rehabilitation on Older Adults: Nursing-Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4) stated that, over 110,000 strokes and 20,000 transient ischaemic attacks [TIA] occurs annually in England. Additionally, over 300,000 people are living with stroke related disabilities and, over 75% of all stroke fatalities occur in older adults aged ?65 (DH, 2007p.13). Various policy documents also informed the choice of topic (appendix2). However, little evidence exists on the effectiveness of post-stroke rehabilitation in relation to this adult-cohort. Outcome parameters includes mortality rate, level of disabilities, mobility, speed of recovery, and Barthel Index [BI] scores on activities of daily living [ADL]. ADL is colloquially called activity of living [AL] in relation to nursing process however ADL is used in accordance with BI scale used in specialist stroke units [SSU] in England (SNPlacement, 2009). There was paucity of studies on post-stroke rehabilitation in older adults though there is wealth of information on outcomes of different care structures. However, little evidential research exists that clarifies combination or individual rehabilitation pathways that better suited older adults. However, Stroke Unit Trialist’ Collaborations [SUTC] in 1993, 2001, and 2007 concluded that post-stroke fatality was lowest in Trusts with greater number of SSU care thus, nurses with advanced knowledge on stroke. This write-up included only studies used in Cochrane collaborative reviews and meta-analysis, and similar collaborations. Consequently, reducing the risks associated with validity, reliability, generalizability, bias, and ethics often encountered when reviewing research studies (PHRU, 2006). Systematic approach, and various search engines were utilised for the literature searches (appendix3). The writer systematically organised the nine chosen research articles/studies (appendix4) into groups of three within three chapters: Chapter One: Specialist Stroke Units Versus General/Neurological Wards. Chapter Two: Specialist Stroke Units Versus Specialist Stroke Unit with Early Supported Discharge. Chapter Three: Efficacy of Specialist Stroke Unit Care on Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: A Way Forward for Older Adults? Informed consent (NMC, 2008) was, obtained from gatekeepers (appendix4) prior to visiting an SSU in Southern England for empirical fact-finding in March 2011. The term â€Å"the writer† refers to the author of this review to avoid ambiguity of terminology (Polit and Beck, 2010). Figure 1: Damages to Brain Due to Stroke (Source: NAO, 2010p.6) CHAPTER ONE SPECIALIST STROKE UNITS VERSUS GENERAL/NEUROLOGICAL WARDS According to RCN (2007) rehabilitation is a holistic person-centred, action-based process which entails individual’s ability to learn adaptive ways of dealing with changes in life circumstances due to incapacitation resulting from conditions such as stroke. It is the process by which stroke survivors learn new skills and or relearn skills that are lost or rendered dormant due to damages to areas of the brain. For example, hand to mouth co-ordination in order to feed oneself, and relearning mobility with the aid of walking devices. Indeed, paralysis to one-side of the body often leads to survivors needing to learn how to perform ADL with one-side of the body. The primary characteristics of evidence-based rehabilitative regime entails repetitive practice of specific skills in a carefully coordinated, and well-focused manner similar to those utilised when learning a new skill such as swimming or riding so as to achieve mastery or best possible level allowed by ones condition. Post-stroke rehabilitation for most survivors can be a lifetime activity. Moreover, very few cases of rehabilitation are time-limited. The key political influence on rehabilitation process for older adults is the National Service Framework (DH, 2001) which emphasises the importance of rehabilitation and the availability of rehabilitation services. It has had huge impacts on the rehabilitation service provision and treatment for older people in the UK since 2002. Rehabilitation can be a lifetime activity moreover very few cases of rehabilitation are time-limited. Over the years, stroke patients were cared for in general/neurological wards (GW). However, during the past two decades, specialist stroke units (SSU) have emerged as a preferred treatment option for stroke patients mainly due to evidence from various meta-analytic studies (SUTC, 1999; 2001; 2007). The results suggest that SSU care has beneficial effects by reducing post-stroke mortality, need for institutionalization, and improving ADL and speed of recovery. Indeed, SUTC (2007) published meta-analysis with 6936 participants from 31 trials were analyzed to assess whether SSU care was consistently associated with improved outcomes. The authors concluded that patients who received SSU care were more likely to survival, remain independent, and living at home 12 months post-stroke accident. Langhorne et al., (2002) proposed that the basic characteristics of SSU are stroke specialist staff including nurses; dedicated units; multidisciplinary team [MDT] care, and systematic diagnostic evaluation; acute monitoring and treatment; early post-stroke mobilization; and early immediate start of rehabilitation (cited in Indredavik, 2008p.1). However, not all SSU have these detailed characteristics thus for the purpose of this analysis, irrespective of structure, all studies with units similar to defined characteristics are given the blanket term of SSU. Kalra et al., (2000Study1) in their prospective RCT study compared the efficacy of SSU with stroke team or domiciliary care using 457 acute-stroke patients (48% women) with an average age of 76 years (appendix1). During the 12 month follow-up, the data suggests that there was low mortality or institutionalisation for patients treated on SSU compared to patients who were treated by the GW stroke team (21/152 [14%] versus 45/149 [30%]; p0.001) or domiciliary stroke care (21/152 [14%] 34/144 [24%]; p0.03) stroke. The results suggest that SSU were more effective than GW with stroke team or domiciliary stroke care in reducing mortality, dependency and, institutionalisation post-stroke. This was similar to the findings in the prospective comparative cohort study by Glader et al., (2001study2) which is a two years follow-up study that investigated rate of stroke-case-fatality, and patients’ level of independent assistance for primary ADL before and post-stroke (appendix4). The au thors found that with regard to stroke-case-fatality there was 30.2% of SSU and 34.0% of GW treated patients. There was 25.4% and 29.1% respectively for rate of case fatalities for SSU and GW patients who were independent in primary ADL prior to stroke (OR, 1.18; CI, 1.06 TO 1.30). The 3376 participants that completed the questionnaire had mean age of 74.3 years (SD, 10.6) with 1.4 years in age difference between SSU and GW treated patients. More SSU treated patients were still living in their own homes, and most maintained independence with primary ADL. Indeed, following case adjustment for differences in case mix, SSU treatment remained an independent predictor for patients retaining independence of assistance with ADL two years post-stroke. Conversely, with regards to patients dependence on assistance for primary ADL defined by BI, 354 patients that required assistance with primary ADL had an average age of 78.5 years (SD=9.8). SSU and GW treated patients had average age of 79.0 versus 77.6 years respectively with p-value of p=0.19 which is not statistically significant. Indeed, patients cared for in SSU had statistically significant less pain compared to GW patients, this statistical significant difference remained after adjustment for differences in case mix prior to stroke (OR, 0.75; CI, 0.61 to 0.91). Kalra et al., (2000study1) in their own study suggested that the reduced mortality or institutionalisation amongst SSU patients was attributed to reduction in post-stroke mortality. Moreover, the benefits of SSU care was further emphasized because, the proportion of survivors without severe disability at 12 months follow-up was statistically significantly higher for SSU patients compared with GW stroke team (129/152 [85%] versus 99/149 [66%]; p0.001) or domiciliary stroke care (129/152 [85%]) versus (102/144[71%]; p=0.002). These differences were present at both 3 and 6 months follow-ups post-stroke. Therefore, the results further suggest that SSU are more effective than GW with stroke team or domiciliary stroke care in reducing mortality, dependency and, institutionalisation post-stroke. Indeed, the ADL barthel score (15-20) was best for SSU patients at 3 months follow-up (82%) compared to 70% of patients in GW with stroke team and, 74% of patients in the domiciliary stroke care. Zhu et al., (2009study3) in a recent comparative retrospective cohort study on the impact of SSU on length of hospital stay and case fatality further demonstrated the efficacy of SSU to reduce stroke fatality and speed-up recovery. They found that for all stroke patients, the adjusted odds on length of hospital stay (7days) was reduced by 22% (p0.0001) on SSU compared to GW. Congestive heart, dementia, and peptic ulcer disease were the co-morbidities (p0.05) that predicted duration of hospital stay. Indeed, SSU care significantly reduced overall in-hospital case fatality (adjusted OR, 0.70, p0.0001). The authors observed that reduction in case fatality for SSU patients was similar to the 5% mortality reduction observed in the follow-up of a similar study by Candelise et al., (2007). In summary, the studies by Kalra et al., (2000); Glader et al., (2001); and Zhu et al., (2009) supports the efficacy that SSU care characterised by admission to an SSU with stroke-directed nursing care, physio and occupational therapy, and assessment by a stroke neurologist is beneficial and the preferred post-stroke care pathway. These results were similar to those from SUTC (2002; 2007) reviews/ meta-analysis of SSU. Indeed, Jarman et al., (2004) research on whether there was a link between reduced in-hospital mortality rates, and acute SSU and early Computerised Tomography scan suggests that acute-SSU were associated with 10% lower odds of death. The proposal here is that, nursing process model of care which entails assessment; care-planning; implementation; evaluation with assessment; and evaluation as a continuous process until discharge and beyond (Holland et al., 2004) were beneficial in reducing stroke fatality; institutionalization or faster improvements in patients ability to be more independent in ADL for SSU patients compared to GW patients post-stroke. Results from a National Sentinel Audit (NSA) of stoke for UK except Scotland (Rudd et al., 2005) arrived at similar conclusions. Additionally, the beneficial effects of SSU compared to GW can be conceptualised in terms of specialist stroke, rehabilitation nurses’ expertise thus superior clinical judgement (Tanner, 2006). Indeed, the 24/7 characteristic of clinical nursing allows nurses to get to know the patient as an individual thus creating the unique bond that enable nurses to care, based on empirical knowledge of the patient instead of fitting rehabilita tion models to the patient based on written medical judgement alone (McCaffery et al., 2000). If rehabilitation is a continuous process that could last a life-time, when does rehabilitation commence post-stroke Hypothetically speaking, what happens after patients are discharged from GW or SSU, and does rehabilitative nursing care continue within the community Are patients better off in the community once stable; are the beneficial effects of SSU due to the 24/7 stroke specialist nursing care given to patients within a structured, MDT staffed, purpose-built stroke unit/ward? From an economic point of view, patients occupying hospital beds post-stroke with each bed costing over ?400 per night is quite expensive (SNPlacement, 2009) especially when such patient is stable and can continue receiving rehabilitative nursing care within the community preferable in their own home. Having established that SSU have better patient outcome compared to GW, in view of the economic implication, the next chapter will investigate SSU with early supported discharge as a possible solution. CHAPTER TWO SPECIALIST STROKE UNITS WITH EARLY SUPPORTED DISCHARGE VERSUS SPECIALIST STROKE UNITS ALONE: The Cochrane library (2000) classified SSU services that offer in-hospital patients an early discharge with a follow-up that consists of community-based rehabilitation as ‘early supported discharge’ [ESD]. NormalSSU may be defined as stroke unit treatment according to evidence-based recommendations (SUTC, 1997) combined with further inpatient rehabilitation when more long-term rehabilitation is necessary and a follow-up program organized by the primary healthcare system after discharge (Indredavik et al., 2000p.2990). According to SUTC (2004) review, there are benefits to SSU care with ESD. Consequently, this chapter investigates the efficacy that ESD following treatment in SSU speeds-up recovery; reduces time spent in hospital; and empowers surviving patients to return faster to independence ADL. The later maybe attributed to the ideological belief that patients discharged home are able to continue their rehabilitation in familiar surroundings thus removing the institutional aspect of rehabilitative nursing care and general therapy (Kosh et al., (2000b). Post-stroke discharge is a process at the end of the patient’s initial rehabilitation following stabilisation after a stroke. Because discharge planning is a joint responsibility, specialist stroke nurses in their role as patient advocate (NMC, 2008), and facilitator (Harms and Benson, 2003), actively liaise with other professionals in the best interest of the patient in accordance with NMC (2008) code. Thorsen et al., (2005study4) evaluated the optimal effect of ESD and continued rehabilitation at home, in terms of patient outcome 5 years after stroke and changes over time. Amongst the 30 patients in the SSU with ESD (intervention group), there was significantly higher independence in extended ADL and, they were active in household chores compared to the 24 patients in the control group during evaluation five years post-stroke. Indeed, the results were similar to those from the study by Indredavik et al., (2000study5) which had a complex robust protocol of MDT post-discharge collaboration with each patient at the centre of every intervention and decision about his/ her care. The extended ESD post-discharge MDT is similar to a ‘community care service’ provision in the UK (DH, 2004). The study evaluated the short-term effects of an advanced SSU care service with essential ESD versus a normal standard SSU. The results suggests that at 6 weeks, 54.4% of the extendedSS U group and 45.6% of the normalSSU group were independent based on RS (P=0.118), and 56.3% versus 48.8% were independent based on BI (P=0.179). 33.1% of the extendedSSU patients were discharged to another institution (mainly rehabilitation clinics) versus 51.3% in the normalSSU group (p=0.001). Moreover, the proportion of patients at home was 74.4% (extendedSSU), and 55.6% (normalSSU) (P=0.0004), and the proportion in institutions was 23.1% versus 40.0%, respectively (P=0.001). After 26 weeks, 65% (extendedSSU) versus 51.9% (normalSSU) group showed global independence (RS?2) (P=0.017), while 60.0% (extendedSSU) versus 49.4% (normalSSU) group were independent in ADL (BI ?95) (P=0.056). The OR for independence (extendedSSU versus normalSSU) were RS, 1.72 (95% CI, 1.10 to 2.70); BI, 1.54 (95% CI, 0.99 to 2.39). Additionally, 78.8% (extendedSSU group) versus 73.1% (normalSSU) were at home (P=0.239), while 13.1% versus 17.5% were in institutions (P=0.277). The average lengths of stay in an institution were 18.6 days (extendedSSU) and 31.1 days (normalSSU) (P=0.0324). Additionally, Thorsen et al., (2005study4) study showed that, the Mean hospital stay was significantly shorter in home rehabilitated group [HRG] {HRG = extendedSSU} (14 versus 30 days; p=0.027). The percentage of patients independent in extended ADL was significantly higher in HRG compared to conventional rehabilitated group [CRG] {CRG = normalSSU}. HRG patients scored more favorably regarding motor capacity however, frenchay activities index [FAI] that assessed frequency of social activities was similar in the 2 groups. However, significantly more HRG patients were active in the items washing dishes (P=0.006), washing clothes (P=0.04), and reading books (P=0.01) (appendix4). There were similarities in both groups on data regarding falls (HRG 63%; CRG; 61%) and falls resulting in fractures (HRG19%; CRG 14%); and ?60% of patients had fallen during the 6 months period before the follow-up commenced. Indeed, patients improved independence in ADL found support in Kosh et al., (2000b ) descriptive study on individualized intervention which suggests that patients experience through involvement and control in their own ESD encourages and empowers them to actively solve future related problems independently. Additionally, based on the findings from their study, Indredavik et al., (2000study5) suggested that extendedSSU with ESD improves functional outcome, and reduces the length of stay in institutions compared with treatment in normalSSU. This casts doubt on the 24/7 (presence of nurses) beneficial effects of specialist stroke nursing. However, Kosh et al., (2000b) theory on familiarity of environment goes a long way towards explaining the reason for the marked differences in patient outcome in favour of extendedSSU/HRG. Moreover, the writer believes that the nurse in the community still spends more time with the patient than all the other MDT members put together. Indredavik et al., (2000study5) had a long-term follow-up of their study which was undertaken by Fj?rtoft et al., (2003study6) with the primary aim of evaluating the long-term effects of extendedSSU characterized by ESD. The authors data suggests that 56.3% (extendedSSU) versus 45.0% (normalSSU) were independent (RS?2) based on primary outcome of modified RS (P=0.044). The results showed that the number needed to treat (NNT) to achieve 1 independent patient in extendedSSU versus normalSSU was 9 (95% CI, 4.6 to 345). The OR for independence was 1.56 (95% CI, 1.01 to 2.44; p=0.045), with adjustment to independent variables, the effect of extendedSSU was even greater (OR 1.93; 95% CI, 1.12 TO3.32; P=0.018). There were no significant differences in BI score and patients final residence. Moreover, patients with moderate to severe stroke benefited most from the extendedSSU. Unlike the study by Indredavik et al., (2000study5), the number of patients residing at home was not significan tly higher in the extendedSSU patients at 52 weeks (appendix4). It maybe deduced that in the long-run, all things being equal, the beneficial effects of extendedSSU over normalSSU though exists, are too minimal for statistical significance. A subgroup analysis for patients in the study by Fj?rtoft et al., (2003study6) showed that the NNT to achieve 1 more independent patient in the extendedSSU group versus the normalSSU group was 7 (95% CI, 3.6 to 27.3). Additionally, 47% of the patients treated in the extendedSSU and 28% (normalSSU) were independent based on modified RS score (P=0.005). The average length of inpatient stay was 18.6 days (extendedSU group) and 31.1 days (normalSSU group) (P=0.0324). Using the fitted logistic regression model, the authors analyzed the relationship between the severity of stroke and the NNT in the extendedSSU group versus the normalSSU group to achieve 1 more independent patient. The authors analyzed the whole group, and patients were also divided into two age-groups: patients aged 75 years and patients aged ?80 years. Figures for the whole group suggests that, a baseline Scandinavian stroke scale [SSS] which according to Birschel et al., (2004) measures progression of stroke, score between 35 and 54 corresponds to a NNT 10. For older patients, the curves show the greatest benefit with SSS score 41 unlike the SSS score for younger patients which was between 28 and 50 (Fj?rtoft et al., 2003p.2689). The results from these studies suggests that, irrespective of structure/pathway adopted, SSU care services are beneficial to stroke survivors in that it reduces, mortality, chances of post-stroke institutionalization, and or improves ADL. Additionally, when SSU is combined with ESD the benefits were even greater but mostly for patients with ‘mild’ to ‘moderate’ stroke. Indeed, these patients are often able to return to full pre-stroke ADL functionality. Based on the findings of the studies, extendedSSU with ESD improve functional outcome and reduces the length of stay in institutions compared with normalSSU. Moreover, the long-term studies suggests that extendedSSU care with ESD offers patients better long-term functional outcome after 12 months compared to patients offered normalSSU care services. It is the writer’s contention that, these results fly in the face of the ideology that 24/7 nurses presence was the catalyst for SSU beneficial effect s because, extendedSSU occurred in the community without necessarily the 24/7 presence of nurses and nursing care. One fact remains constant, the 24/7 characteristic of SSU nursing allows nurses to get to know the patient as an individual thus creating the unique bond that enable nurses to offer more superior care (McCaffery et al., 2000). ExtendedSSU offers patients better outcome with regards to ADL, and general functionality over time. Fj?rtoft et al., (2003study6) in their study, suggests that the older the adults, the greater the beneficial effects of extendedSSU compared to normalSSU. Indeed, the proposal here is that studies on extendedSSU utilised in this chapter could, inform future evidence-based care of post-stroke older adult (?65) patients. The UK Government not just the English NHS should take notice because extendedSSU may be the post-stroke rehabilitative care pathway that will offer older adults the best outcome, and for the Government, better economic outcome. In view of the findings and proposals arrived at in this chapter, the next chapter will investigate the implications of post-stroke rehabilitative care of older adults by reviewing findings on stroke in the very old in relation to age related benefits; stroke in the very old; and extendedSSU. CHAPTER THREE EFFICACY OF STROKE UNIT CARE ON POST-STROKE REHABILITATION: A way forward for older adults? For Smith (1999) one of the most difficult challenges facing nurses is to ensure that individual patient’s needs dominate within the hospital or healthcare professional’s programme, which can be difficult to achieve due to time, and financial constraints. Nurses 24/7 contact with patients within care-settings places them at the centre of all care-interventions and treatments prescribed for the stroke patient (RCN, 2004). Therefore, they are essential to the co-ordination of patient’s treatment and the care that the patient may require throughout the rehabilitation process in the care-setting and beyond. Rehabilitation framework contains components that take account of everyday skills, such as maintaining acceptable level of hygiene, dietary intake, and general mobility. In addition to these skills, the framework takes into account patient education and information the patient needs and, facilitates the patient to develop any additional knowledge. During reha bilitation, the nurse acts as the patient’s advocate, enabler, and empowerer placing the patient at the centre of care-interventions utilising nursing process to create care and rehabilitation plan tailored to individual patient needs. Rehabilitation nurses perform various roles (appendix6) including patient advocacy; facilitator; enabler; and empowerer (RCN, 2004). We live in an aging society and aging has its own problems and with age, comes increases in co-morbid conditions and prevalence of stroke related conditions like arterial hypertension, atrial fibrilation, and dyslipidemia (Ellekja et al., 2001; Browner et al., 2001). Moreover, higher incidence of co-morbidities, decreases life expectancy, and alters metabolism (Saposnik and Black 2009). Though a sizeable number of strokes occur in older adults, there is worrying paucity of studies investigating effects of SSU care on older adults (?65 years). Roding (1986) proposed that with aging advancement, patients’ involvement in and control of their own rehabilitation becomes more important to self-worth therefore, reducing their control has an adverse effect on emotional and physical health. Kalra et al., (1993;1995) used non-randomized designs in their studies of significantly more older adults and, their results suggested that there are beneficial effects in SSU care of acute-stro ke patients. How do we as the future nursing work force ensure that older adults are empowered and enabled to remain independent post-stroke therefore, are able to continue performing ADL independently, with reduced institutionalization, and or mortality? Fagerberg et al., (2000study7) compared the effects of acute SSU care integrated with care continuum [this is called extendedSSU for current review] versus GW conventional treatment in a study of elderly stroke patients. They compared effects of GW treatment care versus effects of extendedSSU (acute-stroke unit) care integrated with geriatric care continuum (see appendix4). 162 patients who survived 12 months (95% CI, -10% to 16%) (101 (61%) and 49 (59%) post-stroke were randomized to extendedSSU and GW respectively. They found that there were no significant differences in QALY or ADL, and after three months of extendedSSU care compared to GW, there was reduction in stroke fatality and institutionalization (28% versus 49%, respectively; 95% CI -40% to -3%) in patients with concomitant cardiac disease. However, after 12 months this effect was absent. 80% of extendedSSU group, and 72% of GW group (95% CI -4% to 18%) were discharged home. Indeed, results suggested that there was no significant effect on the number of patients living at home 12 months post-stroke. This was similar to two studies (Strand et al., 1985; Kaste et al., 1995) which proposed that extendedSSU care afforded patients positive outcomes in relation to functional state and need for institutionalization but, no effects on survival, and only transient effects on health-related QALY. Fagerberg et al., (2000study7) study suggests that the beneficial effects of acute-stroke care on degree of dependence and mortality were mainly p resent in those patients with severe stroke these are often older adults. Indeed, SUTC (1999) in a meta-analytic study suggested that, such favorable effects in older adults with severe stroke may have been overshadowed by patients with mild to moderate stroke in whom no obvious effect was obtained. For example, they found no significance on stroke fatality or institutional care in patients with mild stroke (95% CI, OR 0.57 to 1.24) compared with patients with severe stroke, in whom there was clearly significant effect of extendedSSU care (95% CI, OR 0.38 to 0.88). Fagerberg et al., (2000study7) concluded that extendedSSU neither led to improved ADL, nor increases in number of surviving older adults who were able to return home 12 months post-stroke. However, an effect on mortality or institutional care three months post-stroke was indicated in particular among elderly stroke patients with concomitant cardiac disease or severe stroke. Indeed, they found that elderly patients wi th stroke tend to delay seeking medical intervention following stroke onset which, suffices towards explaining the increase in acute-stroke in older adults apart from the biological explanations of natural aging effects (DH, 2007). Saponsnik and Black (2009study8) research investigated hospital care case fatality disposition in the very elderly, and proposed that survival post-stroke decreased with age. For instance, stroke fatality at discharge by age-group were 69 (5.7%); 70-79 (8.6%); 80-89 (13.4%); 90 (24.2%). Indeed, for every 100 patients aged ?90 admitted with acute ischemic stroke, 38 died in hospital, 43 were discharged to institutions, and only 19 were discharged back to their pre-stroke residence. The risk adjusted fatality at discharge by age were 69 (6.3%); 70-79 (12.5%); 80-89 (22%); 36.1% (p0.001). Moreover, older adults aged 90 are less likely (4.3 versus 13.0%; p0.001) to be admitted to the intensive care unit [ICU], and discharged back to their pre-stroke residence (39.9% for 90s versus 57.3% for patients aged 90; p0.001). This could be attributed to the ideology that due to age-related debilitation, ICU would be wasted on them as they have limited chance of full recovery thus, would not be cost-effective unlike in younger patients. After adjusting for covariates, the multivariable analysis showed that patients aged 90 were 5-8 times more likely to die, and there was a 55% (95% CI 48-60%) decrease in the odds of being discharged home in these patients compared to those aged 80-89 years. Risk-adjusted fatality at discharged among those 90 years was 6 times higher than in the youngest age group and 1.5 times higher than in those aged 80–89 years. Only 1 in 5 individuals 90 years were discharged home after an ischemic stroke versus 1 in 3 of those aged 80–89, and 3 in 4 for the youngest age group. Indeed, the data from this study informed the authors’ suggestion that, stroke patients aged 90 had higher mortality, increased incidence of hospitalization, and are list likely to be discharged to their pre-stroke residence. These results, suggests that the benefits of SSU decreases with age! Saposnik et al., (2009study9) investigated whether the reduced mortality or institutionalization seen with SSU care was similar across all age groups. They found that, compared to patients admitted to GW (1892; 52.1%), SSU (1739; 47.9%) patients had lower case-fatality (10.2% versus 14.8%; P0.0001) over a 30-days period with an ARR=4.6%; NNT=22. There were no significant differences in the mean organized care index score amongst different age-groups in access to SSU indeed, there was similar benefit for all age-groups when care in SSU was compared to care in GW (ARR for 30-day stroke fatality by age were 60 (4.5%); 60 to 69 (3.4%); 70 to 79 (5.3%); and 80 (5.5%). It was evident from the results that higher level of organized care positively correlates with increased stroke-survival thus reduced stroke-fatality or institutionalization. However, there is selection bias (Polit and Becks, 2010) because, patients who received palliative care intervention were less likely (40% versus 4 9%; P=0.008) than non-palliative patients to be admitted to SSU. Could this explain the increased beneficial effects of SSU, since palliative care patients were treated/ cared for in GW or similar setup Results from Fj?rtoft et al., (2003study6) in chapter two would disagree though it was premised on extendedSSU as opposed to standard. Saposnik et al., (2009study9) 30-days stroke fatality by age-group suggests 59=6.7%; 60-69=7%, 70-79=10.9%, and 80=20.2%. 30-days risk-adjusted stroke fatality for organized care index scores was 16.6%=3; 21.9%=2; 29.1%=1; and 54.9%=0. Indeed, there were no substantial differences by age-groups in relation to SSU care benefits. In the multivariable analysis, SSU care remained an independent predictor of stroke fatality at 7 days (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.77; c-statistics 0.79), and 30 days (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.84; c-statistics 0.80) after adjusting for age, sex, stroke severity, Charlson index, and an age-by-SSU interaction term. The interaction terms examining age-by-SSU were not significant (P=0.80 for 7 days; P=0.98 for 30 days stroke fatality). After all analyses were investigated based on age modification, there was no evidence of effect. However, after adjustments for multiple prognostic factors, and exclusion of patients treated utilizing palliative care, the b enefits of SSU care on survival remained. Similar findings were observed for the organized care index score (0 to 1 versus 2 to 3). For example, higher level of access to SSU care was associated with lower stroke fatality at 7 days (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.25; c-statistics 0.83), and 30 days (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.40; c-statistics 0.82). The interaction terms examining age-by-organized care index effect were again not significant (P=0.29 for 30-day stroke fatality and P=0.46 for 7-day stroke fatality) (Saposnik et al., 2009:p.3324). Therefore, the authors concluded that irrespective of patients’ age-cohort, SSU compared to GW care leads to significant reduction in stroke fatality or institutionalization. CONCLUSION Nurses 24/7 presence is characterised by making them the primary link between the patient and the other members of the MDT (RCN, 2004). A successful rehabilitation uses a framework to make an integrated care pathway in which the patient, the MDT members, and the formal and informal carers can be involved. Indeed, stroke accident can occur at any age though older adults (?65) make-up the largest cohort of victims (DH, 2008). Chapter one of this paper, critically reviewed the efficacy of SSU to reduce stroke fatality; reduce level of institutionalization; reduce length of in-hospital stay; and improve general recovery through ability to maintain primary ADL independently. Having established that SSU are beneficial, chapter two investigated the efficacy of SSU with early supported discharge [ESD] in relation to speedy recovery, independence in ADL (BI=?95%), and reduced post-stroke mortality. The better outcome from extendedSSU with ESD when compared to normalSSU cannot be attributed to 24/7 nursing alone because both extendedSSU and normalSSU had 24/7 nursing though there was better coordinated continuity in terms of discharge plan with rehabilitative nursing for extendedSSU. Therefore, the proposal here is that extendedSSU better patients’ outcome was mainly because specialist stroke nurses offered more one-to-one rehabilitative nursing care compared to those in the normalSSU. Studies reviewed in chapter one, and two suggests that SSU care is, beneficial to stroke patients especially extendedSSU with ESD in adults. There is the matter of older adults, what with normal aging processes that tends to be degenerative thus resulting in possible (increased) vulnerable. However, studies in chapter two and three suggests that extendedSSU care similar to acute care of older adults’ is the best option for older adults (?65). This was supported by Indredavik (2009); SUTC, (2007). The main outcome of this paper is that SSU care is the way forward for all stroke patients, and the best possible option for older adults. This is because 75% of all strokes occur in older adults (?65 years); and SUCT (1997; 2001; 2002; 2007) reviews have determinately suggested that SSU care is the best option for reduced level of stroke fatality, institutionalisation, or improved post-stroke ADL [BI scores]. The findings of this literature review is important for UK policy makers in relation to post-stroke rehabilitation care pathway for older adults because it goes some way towards establishing that extendedSSU is better option for older adults. However, further research are necessary before such results can inform evidence-based practice thus, policies on stroke care in older adults. How to cite Effects of Post-Stroke Rehabilitation on Older Adults: Nursing-Care, Essay examples

Balanced Scorecard of Olam International- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBalanced Scorecard of Olam International. Answer: Olam International is one of the leading agri-business operator and supplies products in some 70 odd countries. There are some 23000 customers which company is serving through means of employee strength of some 70000 people. The company has built leadership position in many fields like cocao, coffee, rice, cotton and cashew. In this assignment we will do assessment of the company based on the balanced scorecard template. It will provide us detail perspective on the company and how it is standing currently. Balanced Scorecard of Olam International Objective Achievement Financial To increase sales growth constantly Revenue for the year 2016 stood at S$20, 587 million compared to S$19052.6 million in 2015. This has been achieved due to higher sales as indicated by the volume sales. This also means that although volumes are rising sharply but revenue is not increasing in that proportion. Company is not able to command higher price which it would use to do previously. To increase Operating profit of the company every year The EBITDA of the company in 2016 stood at S$1202.8 million compared to S$1085.2 in 2015. This marks a jump of 10.8% during the year and is one of the desired objective achieved by the company. Customer Increasing customer base The company now serves 23000 customers which is very high compared to some 21500 it use to serve in 2015. Learning growth To be continuously learning There are many solutions available that provide some form of learning capabilities, but their suitability varies by organization size, geographic presence and industry experience Introducing learning Management System in the company Learning management system (LMS) supports the administration and management of learning programs, such as assessment, records management, provisioning of learning, management of training resources and reporting. Corporate learning suites were originally developed as independent solutions, but either through organic development or acquisitions now are often sold as part of broader HCM or talent management suites. Larger ERP and application vendors have made acquisitions in the past five years to compete more effectively in the learning market. Organization was successful in implementing a learning management system in 2016. Internal Business Process To diversify offering Company has been able to enter new market segments during the year. As seen in the financials of the company it was the growth of Confectionary Beverage Ingredients segment which actually lead to good growth numbers during the year. It was also supported by decent growth in Food Staples Packaged Foods. Vendor Management Software Planning Vendors generally target their solutions at specific market segments, and size of workforce is an important decision criterion. Solutions targeted to large global enterprise clients are unlikely to be a good fit for companies under 100 employees with a presence primarily in a single country, because the processes, implementation and complexity of the software required to scale to such a large size are often more than is needed for smaller organizations. Similarly, a solution well-suited for an organization of 500 employees may be challenged to scale its technology to handle the volumes and processing speeds required of a 20,000-employee organization; scaling such a vendor's sales, support and service organizations would likewise challenge its viability in the larger market References: Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (1995). Putting the balanced scorecard to work.Performance measurement, management, and appraisal sourcebook,66, 17511 Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (1996). Using the balanced scorecard as a strategic management system Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (1998). Putting the balanced scorecard to work.The Economic Impact of Knowledge, 315-324

Professional Development Essays - Education, Learning, Pedagogy

Final Project EDU 673 Instruct. Strat. for Differentiated Teach & Learn Professional Development My Professional Development Plan definitely demonstrates my commitment to personal and professional growth within the classroom. Since I have spent many hours working with children in the school setting, I am confident about my plan. I believe if it implemented correctly and followed through, I will be able to experience positive outcomes in the classroom. The areas I will address are the proper mindset and learning environment, curriculum and differentiation, assessment and differentiation, student readiness and differentiation, student learning profile and differentiation, and managing a differentiated classroom. Mindset, learning environment, and differentiation It has been stated, ?Mindsets are the assumptions, expectations, and beliefs that guide our behavior and our interaction with others." I believe this is a true statement and this is necessary in order to have a differentiated classroom. The proper mindset can affect a student?s well-being and academic success. The proper mindset will ensure that students? social and economic needs are met. These must be met before any learning can begin. Students must feel that they have a sense of belonging. Student must also be encouraged to reach their potential. The proper mindset will allow the teacher to view each diverse child as one capable of learning. Various strategies will have to implement in class lessons to ensure that all students are reached ? various students and various methods will be required. My professional development plan will be based on creating a learning environment that is conducive to learning. Curriculum and differentiation Curriculum is the content information; that is the subject matter this is taught. In such a diverse society, there is no one size fits all class. That being the case, differentiation is a must. After all, students learn differently; they also grasp material at different points in time. Differentiation ensures that all learners learn the required and age-appropriate content. Through differentiation, the same material is taught through the use of various strategies, methods, and techniques. There are many teaching strategies that can be used in the classroom. Some lesson might have to be teacher-centered; however, most should be student centered. This will create opportunities for discovery and constructivism. This will also be the vehicle to creating classroom discussions that will involve critical thinking as applications of skills are demonstrated. When completing an assignment, student can be given the co curriculum, students can have material assigned or it can be chosen by them. Assessment and differentiation More than one type of assessment is important because students learn differently. That being the case, more than one type of informal and formal assessment should be implemented in a lesson. This gives a teacher a chance to check for understanding as different learning styles are addressed. While some students perform well on a paper and pencil test; others might do better with a performance assessment. Some students might do better preparing an oral report or a project. All of these areas addresses student learning. That being the case, one is not necessary better than the other. When assessments are differentiated, teachers learn a lot about each individual student. It also gives exposure to many avenues of learning. Teachers can differentiate by using methods that are based on the student's needs. Differentiation of assessments creates an opportunity for students to demonstrate thinking before, during, and after instruction. The main purpose of an assessment is to determine what a student knows or can do, while evaluation is used to determine the worth or value of a course or program. This information can be used to make decisions about other instructional strategies and curriculum. Student readiness and differentiation Student readiness is a student?s academic standing/progress That is, they simply do what seems right for their students. Generally, intuition begins the process, and over time teachers learn from their successes and failures, refining what they do as they go along. Thus when we ask teachers how they plan a differentiated lesson in response to student readiness, their answers are often a bit vague: ?I just try to match the tasks to the students' readiness level,? or ?I put them in groups I think will work.? Clarity about differentiation by readiness can hone and refine good instincts, giving the teacher a greater sense

Shakespeares Plays Sorted by Tragedy, Comedy, History

Shakespeares Plays Sorted by Tragedy, Comedy, History It is not always easy to categorically say whether a William Shakespeare play is a tragedy, comedy, or history, because Shakespeare blurred the boundaries between these genres, especially as his work developed more complexity in themes and character development. But those are the categories into which the First Folio (the first collection of his works, published in 1623; he died in 1616) was divided, and thus, they are useful to start the discussion. The plays can be generally classified into these three broad categories based on whether the main character dies or is bequeathed a happy ending and whether Shakespeare was writing about a real person.   This list identifies which plays are generally associated with which genre, but the classification of some plays is open to interpretation and debate and changes over time. Shakespeare’s Tragedies In Shakespeares tragedies, the main protagonist has a flaw that leads to his (and/or her) downfall. There are both internal and external struggles and often a bit of the supernatural thrown in for good measure (and tension). Often there are passages or characters that have the job of lightening the mood (comic relief), but the overall tone of the piece is quite serious. The 10 Shakespeare plays generally classified as tragedy are as follows: Antony and CleopatraCoriolanusHamletJulius CaesarKing LearMacbethOthelloRomeo and JulietTimon of AthensTitus Andronicus Shakespeare’s Comedies Shakespeares comedies are sometimes further subdivided into a group called romances, tragicomedies, or problem plays, which are the dramas that have elements of humor, tragedy, and complex plots.  For example, Much Ado About Nothing begins like a comedy  but soon descends into tragedy- leading some critics to describe the play as a tragicomedy. Others debated or cited as tragicomedies include The Winters Tale, Cymbeline, The Tempest, and The Merchant of Venice.   Four of his plays are often called his late romances, and they include: Pericles, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest. Problem plays are so-called because of their tragicomic elements and moral issues, and they dont end perfectly tied up, such as Alls Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure and Troilus and Cressida. Regardless of all that debate, the 18 plays generally classified as comedy are as follows: Alls Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of ErrorsCymbelineLoves Labour’s LostMeasure for MeasureThe Merry Wives of WindsorThe Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Nights Dream Much Ado About NothingPericles, Prince of TyreThe Taming of the ShrewThe Tempest Troilus and CressidaTwelfth NightTwo Gentlemen of VeronaThe Two Noble KinsmenThe Winters Tale Shakespeare’s Histories Sure, the history plays are all about real figures, but it can also be argued that  with the downfall portrayed of the kings in Richard II and Richard III, those history plays could also be classified as tragedies, as they were billed back in Shakespeares day. They would easily be called tragedy plays were the main character of each fictional. The 10 plays generally classified as history plays are as follows: Henry IV, Part IHenry IV, Part II​Henry VHenry VI, Part IHenry VI, Part IIHenry VI, Part III​Henry VIIIKing JohnRichard IIRichard III

Mental health problems across the life span Essay

Mental health problems across the life span - Essay Example Auditory hallucinations had been another symptom. The voices of her classmates and acquaintances at school kept repeatedly coming back to her. She remembered the incident where she indulged in a ‘buying spree’ for clothes which did not suit her, after thumbing through fashion catalogues. The clothes had been a size larger. That incident could have been due to the feeling of inflated self esteem which characterizes the depression in bipolar disorder. Developing therapeutic skills through the tools of psychiatric nursing, which are ‘listening, watching and being present is the essence of nursing care in psychiatry. (Frisch, 2002). Pamela was observed well. She behaved differently each day. Sometimes she would be looking with-drawn and would appear as if looking through me. My morning greetings would not elicit any response. She needed some coaxing to begin her morning ablutions beginning from brushing her teeth. Fatigue and drowsiness appeared to stop her from even getting up from bed on some days. There was a difficulty to get her to consume her medications too (Mitchell, 2006, p. 567). The reluctance to take them on certain days would be changed to an attitude of compliance depending on whether the care-giver on that day was empathetic or not. She was gloomy at times and completely preoccupied. It was difficult to understand that a gay and energetic young girl had become a miserable withdrawn personality in the words of her mother. Her friends were calling frequently to find out about her. They would have liked to visit but they may not have seen a friend they knew. The mother thereby discouraged the friends. Rehabilitation therapy had been instituted in the center for all inpatients. Pamela had not consented to the psychotherapy treatment in the institution. Problems still existed for her. She was extremely distressed the other day when she was asked to have her lunch. Her reason was that her classmates were speaking to her and they had not

Ethnographic Claim Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethnographic Claim Paper - Essay Example By doing this, they display a fluidity as far as identity is concerned and they test the traditional understanding of space. I chose this ethnographic study with regards to Italian culture at the Angelo’s and Vinci’s restaurant. The restaurant is in California and boasts of a total Italian ambience. What made it interesting as a research target was my swish to see how the people, including staff members and customers, performed within their cultural settings. Among the staff members at the restaurant and customers, I sought to study how the use of space in the restaurant becomes a performative site for Italian culture in their everyday lives. This led me to ask how the staff members and customers perform the Italian culture at Angelo’s and Vinci’s. The people at Angelo’s and Vinci’s demonstrate authentic Italian cultural practices using language and food. Theory Review Migration, especially in the contemporary period, challenges the tradition al comprehension of attachment of identity and place. Different observers have called for a re-examination of the uses and meanings of space as a concept during the discourse of identity (Appadurai 300). The process by which migrants create belonging among themselves shows a new conceptualization and organization of space, also referred to as re-territorialiazation of culture, as well as a redefinition of the collective identities that have undergone de- territorialization. Basch et al (28) frame the re- territorialization as a manner in which there is a reconfiguration of space by various practices, which migrants who migrate between different countries carry out. Anderson (83) deals with the discourses of resistance that are employed, by native or indigenous people, to negotiate for fixed notions of place or race. Just like subjective identity is produced form the performance, so also are localities created by the subjects who represent, perceive, and construct them, over time. Fo rtier (42) investigates the manner in which performance of one collective body utilizes terrains of belonging. He contends that belonging may be inclusive of physical places, although they are not limited to them. While they may utilize these physical places and these places do become belongings, they are more historical and cultural belongings that are reconstructed from cultural practices. Via the expansion of the theory by Butler on performativity, renegotiating space and identity can be seen as the way in which both space and bodies are invested to become representative of cultural identity. Therefore, belonging can be seen as a struggle that seeks to reconcile representation of groups in the way they are viewed by the rest comes close to the way that they view themselves (Basch et al 59). The struggle or negotiation concerning representation deals with simultaneous shifts in subjective identity, as well as its belonging. Concern over place could be especially potent in the cont ext of minority and immigrant communities that have little or no development of institutions. Racial stereotyping and racism could act as a hindrance to the ability of

Was it right or wrong to use two atomic bombs on Japanese cities in Research Paper

Was it right or wrong to use two atomic bombs on Japanese cities in 1945 Why - Research Paper Example Deliberately attacking a civilian population is not considered morally acceptable regardless of any real or perceived outcomes. This view was and remains popularly held by both American civilians and the military; this reasoning was not employed in this case, but why? Was it the passions of wartime, a justifiable act in this one instance or was the bombing wrong under any circumstance? By summer of 1945, the Japanese were in dire straits, militarily and economically. The U.S. had won great victories at Okinawa and Iwo Jima, killed hundreds of thousands of Japanese soldiers and had a full naval blockade of Japan’s mainland. Shortages of oil and food supplies had all but brought the Japanese empire to it knees but its military showed no plans of quitting. In each battle, its soldiers fought ferociously to the last man in a victory or death mentality and suicide (kamikaze) missions were common. This led the American leaders to believe that an entire takeover of the Japanese island was necessary for final victory. To that end, the U.S. had planned for a massive invasion force to land on the shore of Japan in November of 1945 which was estimated to cost over a hundred thousand American lives and many more Japanese. The U.S. was well aware of the fanaticism displayed by the Japanese; therefore, military leaders were not anxious to encounter an entire population o f a country that possessed this mentality and were militarized as well. The avoidance of this ensuing confrontation and the war weariness of the American public are the common justifications for dropping the bombs. It was and is argued that the atomic bombs ultimately saved many American and Japanese lives. â€Å"It was the destruction of Hiroshima that finally brought Emperor Hirohito to confront the Japanese military and order the surrender of Japan† 1 The Japanese had amassed nine divisions; 600,000 heavily equipped forces in southern Japan prior to the bombing of Hiroshima.

Music Analysis Of Bluegrass Music Essay

Music Analysis Of Bluegrass Music Essay Bluegrass is a word which came into being after its adoption by musicians and radio disc-jockeys in the early 1950s. Denoting a form of American country or hillbilly music yet, distinguishing it from other types of similar genres, which were popular throughout the Kentucky and greater Appalachia even before the turn of the century. Due to the demographics of the settlers in the region, bluegrass is a music built on strong southern traditions and was originally played primarily by the white working class. Although it is still somewhat debated, it is generally accepted that Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys played the first of what we now call bluegrass music in 1945. (International Bluegrass Music Association, 2001) The banjo came to the fore as it had not done previously accompanied by multiple vocal parts and a now familiar line-up of bass; mandolin; fiddle and guitar. The argument against, rebukes not the talent of Bill Monroe or his style, but the pre-inception of a less formali sed bluegrass genre. No matter which side of the debate one falls on, Monroe is accredited with the commercialisation and formalisation of the characteristics which differentiates the music from other strains of so-called hillbilly music such as country-western, rockabilly, and other forms of western-swing. (Smith, 1965) Both the immigration of the Scotch-Irish settlers during the latter part of the nineteenth century and subsequent emigration of the second and third generations from the region play distinct roles in the social and economic background of the music itself. Celtic fiddling styles played in the home and songs of heritage were commonplace. Monroe fondly recalls his mother walking through the house singing, and playing the fiddle as she prepared the dinner. His uncle, who he first witnessed at the age of about six years old playing this style of fiddle on the front porch at his family home captured the young Monroes imagination. He got the wonderful Scotch-Irish sound out of it, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..and if wed have supper of a night, wed sit around the fireplace and hed play the fiddle. Most musicians of the time allude to fathers, grandfathers, and uncles who fiddled and mothers who played the organ, it seems everyone sang. Mechanically reproduced music and radio was therefore a luxury not many of these impoverished farmers at the time possessed, and although by the early 1900s, some rural settlers may have had experienced the radio, it was not as pervasive as it was to later become. It is for this reason we can refer to these strains as a form of vernacular music. (Rosenberg, 2005) During the late 1930s however, these types of technologies had come to the fore allowing greater access to music and film. The film industry in particular had made singing cowboys a popular trend and this was being reflected in the rise of western swing outfits such as Bob Wills and Bill Boyd. Other influences began to seep into the old time style, as country music began to move closer to the popular music of the era rather than the folk music of its distinct roots. (Rosenberg, 2005) George D. (Judge) Hay, a former news reporter, turned disc jockey with a popular Saturday night show titled The Grand Ole Opry, was adamant within his circle to keep these influences at bay and began to promote his radio show as authentic-hill country music. Urging his musicians to stay true to their roots and keep it close to the ground,(Rosenberg, 2005) he fought for years keeping drums off the Opry stage and very much discouraged the attempts to introduce electric style instruments, instead insisting on the musicians authenticity. It was subsequently the first country music styled show to gain a reputation on a national scale. His hatred of the word hillbilly and refusal to use it on his show gained him a respect from one Bill Monroe who tried out for the show in 1938. Cleo Davis who accompanied Monroe at the audition recalls; Bill and I did à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. a duet yodel, fast as white lightening. [And were told] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if you ever leave the Opry, itll be because youve fired yourself(Rosenberg, 2005) Two of the immediate differences Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys brought to the Opry, and anything that had gone before were the sheer speed that they performed their songs and the key they performed in. Even slow or medium paced favourites were faster than usual, highlighting the skill that was required to maintain the instrumental dexterity and vocal accuracy if these up-tempo performances were to retain their precision. Along with a speed heretofore unnatural, was the use of unconventional keys. Monroe is accredited with saying; We was the first outfit to ever play in B-flat or B-natural and E. Before that it was all C, D, and G. Fiddle men had a fit. (Rosenberg, 2005) Accompanying these alterations was a slightly unusual musical practice whereby all instruments were tuned a half-step above standard pitch. This elongation and tightening of the strings served a multipurpose, gaining both in volume and achieving a brighter tone which subsequently served to suit the vocals better than it had previously. (Rosenberg, 2005) These musical alterations coincided with arguably the most significant social, political, and cultural movement of the entire century, the Second World War. During this period many economic sectors, including the music and recording industries, were in a state of decline. But despite this lull of music sales, the sale of hillbilly records grew exponentially. (Rosenberg, 1967) The major reasons for this were, a population shift, incorporating a migration of southern workers to northern cities, and a mass growth in the popularity of the genre within the armed forces, where many were exposed to these strains for the first time. Military service resulted in long standing members having to leave their post for the war effort. This resulted in an array of performers playing different roles for the following war years. Retaining his slot on the Grand Ole Opry, and gaining his own tent show, Monroe continued to perform with a roulette wheel of differing musicians, yet still managed to contin uously be the most sought-after performer on the circuit. It is about this time that the real elements of bluegrass started to form with the addition of extra musical elements, and it was at this stage Robert Russell (later to be renamed Chubby Wise) joined the fray. A co-composer of Orange Blossom Special a song which Monroe and his boys had covered on many an occasion had heard of Howdy Forresters depart, leaving the band without a fiddle player. Having approached Monroe backstage he joined the Opry tour. Although the musician roulette continued for a time with instruments such as the jug, accordion and harmonica making appearances, the seeds that would comprise the latter sound were beginning sprout. (Rosenberg, 2005) In 1945, debatably the most influential member was auditioned for the line-up. A young banjo player named Earl Scruggs made an impact with a song titled Dear Old Dixie, showcasing his ability to do things you could hardly believe, with Monroe reportedly saying hire him, get him whatever it costs(Rosenberg, 2005). For the first time the band had a banjo player who was not a comedian, but instead had the ability to play solos on songs where all previous players could not. Lester Flatt, a mandolinist and tenor singer was also taken aboard at this time, returning to his guitar and singing lead vocals to accommodate the Blue Grass Boys. Much of the music was actually too fast for Flatt to keep rhythm on the guitar, but he remedied this by using a guitar run at the end of phrases. The run began as an F# on the lower sixth string and ended with an open G. Runs of this type were common in previous country guitar styles, but became so synonymous with Flatt and bluegrass music that it is still referred to as the Lester Flatt G-run.(Malone and McCulloh, 1975) Both were extremely popular with fans, with Scruggs solos demanding encores from the boy from North Carolina who makes the banjo talk (Malone and McCulloh, 1975) Scruggs used a three finger picking style adapted from other north Carolina banjo players such as Wade Mainers two-finger style. His solos on the Opry from 1945-48 resulted in almost instantaneous star status as a country music instrumentalist. Monroes Blue Grass Boys now consisted of a mandolin; played by Monroe himself, a guitar; a banjo; a fiddle and a bass, a construct that is now the presently accepted make-up of the traditional bluegrass band. The sound they produced together had evolved substantially from the days Bill and his brother Charles Monroe entertained locally in Kentucky, and yet, with the early guidance of Judge Hay in Bills career, managed to keep true to the roots of the music. Scruggs and Flatt left the Blue Grass boys line-up late in 1948, due to the strain of being on the road. They still played together however forming the Foggy Mountain Boys. While in this line-up they decided to include the resophonic guitar, (or Dobro) in their band and as a result it is often included in some bluegrass bands today.(International Bluegrass Music Association, 2003) By this time there were other groups mimicking the style set by their outfit, most notably The Stanley Brothers. Monroe had replaced Scruggs with a play er similar to Scruggs own banjo style, and after setting the precedent it became the norm to describe a good banjo player as playing just like Earl Scruggs. (Malone and McCulloh, 1975) Robert Cantwell describes the relative speed in which bluegrass music permeated the psyche as he recalls an appearance from the Eller Brothers in 1980. They began with an old song entitled On and On, but could not remember where it had originated or who had written the piece. It was the work of one Bill Monroe and had apparently been inducted, along with those songs brought across the Atlantic, into the realms of tradition at the tender age of twenty-seven. A tradition according to Cantwell, that was violently foreshortened by radio (2003) The durability of bluegrass has proven this apparent presumption correct however, as the genre grows not only in the Americas but internationally, owing much of its success to the adaptability of the music through other genres, and the capacity to reach wider audiences through the growing medium of technology. The 1960s saw the birth of a new concept, the bluegrass festival. As bands seemed to be competing for the same audience, it was more product ive for all parties involved to put them on the same bill, appearing at festivals around America. These festivals are now internationally common with attendances growing annually. (International Bluegrass Music Association, 2003) Monroes most famous contribution Blue Moon of Kentucky has transcended multiple genres and been re-recorded by artists such as Patsy Kline, Elvis Presley, Rory Gallagher, Johnny Cash, Ray Charles and Paul McCartney among others. Scruggs and Flatt as mentioned continued recording, and wrote songs that appeared on the soundtracks of the cult movie Bonnie and Clyde and the Beverly Hillbillies television show. Bluegrass was once again shot to the forefront of consciousness when Eric Weissberg traded banjo phrases with Steve Mandels guitar in the film Deliverance, and audiences were once again reintroduced to bluegrass as the soundtrack for one of the Coen brothers cinematic ventures O Brother, Where art Thou? went triple platinum. (International Bluegrass Music Association, 2003) Bluegrass is still providing additives, foundations and inspiration in artists today, as Bà ©la Fleck (possibly the most recognisable banjo player worldwide presently), describes his most powerful memory on first hearing the music during an interview for the popular American network PBS: My most powerful memory was hearing Earl Scruggsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.as a five or six year old. That sound just blew me away, shook my head up. (PBS, 2001) Fleck has attained international fame for his ingenuity with his own band the Flecktones and for his fusion of a fast paced picking style with the jazz and blues undertones of the Dave Matthews Band, an outfit he makes regular appearances with. Once again keeping bluegrass firmly in the minds of the masses. The three audio files chosen represent three differing aspects of the bluegrass genre; The original bluegrass sound, the rise of the genres popularity through the prismatic scope of media, and its gradual evolution as these strains enevitably are influenced by other facors. The first, played by Bill Monroe and the Bluegrass boys is a recording from 1946 entitled Rocky Top. It showcases the finger-picking style of banjo thoroughly referenced throughout this essay, while emphasising the vocal layers and dexterity by using choral harmonics. The lyrics themselves reference Rocky Top Tennessee a domesticated hometown scence which much of the country bluegrass music was concerned with, the norm generally being a migration or a return to homelands. The second track was chosen for a number of purposes. Sang by Alison Krauss an extreemely successful country/bluegrass singer with accompaniment by Union Station, it is entitled Man of Constant Sorrow originally performed by the Soggy Bottomed Boys. My reasoning for choosing Krauss version is simple, she transcends genres. Recently dueting with Robert Plant the famed Led Zeppelin front man, she epitomises the durability and versatility bluegrass has sustained in revealing itself to new audiences. It is also featured prominently in the Coen Brothers classic film O, Brother where Art Thou?, reinforcing the previous point and illustrating the gains achieved through differing aspects of the media. The final track is from the aforementioned Bela Fleck, performing with the self explanotory New Grass Revival. The song itself called Steam Powered Aeroplane conveys a movement away from a homeland setting and can be constrewed as having migratory conontations, but more immediately, there is a movement towards the new. Containing the same basic principles, Scruggs-style picking and Flatts G-runs are evident. Vocals are also sung in different parts giving a layered effect, yet held secondary to the lead banjo and a commanding base line seems to keep the overwhelming speed in check. But there is a distinct modern feel as the instuments are very slightly amplified. In more recent years Fleck establishes the Flecktones and keeping this style joins a group containing a drumguitar infusing African beats with blues licks. (See The Flecktones: Next)

Sonnet Analysis - Fair Is My Love, by Edmund Spenser Essay -- Sonnet e

This sonnet is an anti-love poem that ironically shows how the fairness of a lady is contingent upon nature's blessings and her external manifestations.   The Spenserian style brings unity to this sonnet, in that it's theme and rhyme is interwoven throughout, but the focus of her "fairness" is divided into an octave and a sestet.   The first eight lines praise her physical features (hair, cheeks, smile), while the last six lines praise her internal features (words, spirit, heart).   This sonnet intentionally hides the speaker's ridicule behind counterfeit love-language, using phrases like: "fair golden hairs" (line 1), and "rose in her red cheeks" (line 3), and "her eyes the fire of love does spark" (line 4).   This traditional love language fills pages of literature and song, and has conventionally been used to praise the attributes of a lover; but this sonnet betrays such language by exhibiting a critique rather than commendation. This sonnet appears to praise the beauty of a lady but ironically ridicules her by declaring that her "fairness" is contingent upon nature, physical features, and displaying a gentle spirit, which hides her pride. The first line begins: "Fair is my love, when " (line 1), and it's an idea that is shown five times in the sonnet (see lines 1,3,5,7,9). At first glance, many readers will find this phrase to be quite endearing, but the speakers actual intent is to prove over and over again that her "fairness" is contingent "when" certain events happen.   For example, she is fair "when her fair golden hairs. . . [are] waiving" (lines 1-2); and "when the rose in her red cheeks appears" (line 3); and "[when] her eyes the fire of love does spark" (line 4).   The poet is very precise in using the term "fair" which ... ...eems more astonishing.   This sonnet mocks this woman by pretending to praise her, all the while proving that her fairness is contingent upon certain external manifestations.    The fact that the beloved has a "gentle sprite" does not matter much because she is prideful.   The subtle language of the sonnet hides the speaker's ridicule, just as her smile hides her pride.   The author uses economic, oceanic, and nautical imagery to show how her fairness is merely revealed through temporal circumstances, and never makes mention that she is "fair" alone.    The ridiculing nature of this sonnet is greatly revealed through the repeated term "Fair, when," and through the central phrase: that her "cloud of pride, which oft doth dark" (line 7). Work Cited Fair Is My Love, by Edmund Spenser http://www.bartleby.com/331/122.html Sonnet Analysis - Fair Is My Love, by Edmund Spenser Essay -- Sonnet e This sonnet is an anti-love poem that ironically shows how the fairness of a lady is contingent upon nature's blessings and her external manifestations.   The Spenserian style brings unity to this sonnet, in that it's theme and rhyme is interwoven throughout, but the focus of her "fairness" is divided into an octave and a sestet.   The first eight lines praise her physical features (hair, cheeks, smile), while the last six lines praise her internal features (words, spirit, heart).   This sonnet intentionally hides the speaker's ridicule behind counterfeit love-language, using phrases like: "fair golden hairs" (line 1), and "rose in her red cheeks" (line 3), and "her eyes the fire of love does spark" (line 4).   This traditional love language fills pages of literature and song, and has conventionally been used to praise the attributes of a lover; but this sonnet betrays such language by exhibiting a critique rather than commendation. This sonnet appears to praise the beauty of a lady but ironically ridicules her by declaring that her "fairness" is contingent upon nature, physical features, and displaying a gentle spirit, which hides her pride. The first line begins: "Fair is my love, when " (line 1), and it's an idea that is shown five times in the sonnet (see lines 1,3,5,7,9). At first glance, many readers will find this phrase to be quite endearing, but the speakers actual intent is to prove over and over again that her "fairness" is contingent "when" certain events happen.   For example, she is fair "when her fair golden hairs. . . [are] waiving" (lines 1-2); and "when the rose in her red cheeks appears" (line 3); and "[when] her eyes the fire of love does spark" (line 4).   The poet is very precise in using the term "fair" which ... ...eems more astonishing.   This sonnet mocks this woman by pretending to praise her, all the while proving that her fairness is contingent upon certain external manifestations.    The fact that the beloved has a "gentle sprite" does not matter much because she is prideful.   The subtle language of the sonnet hides the speaker's ridicule, just as her smile hides her pride.   The author uses economic, oceanic, and nautical imagery to show how her fairness is merely revealed through temporal circumstances, and never makes mention that she is "fair" alone.    The ridiculing nature of this sonnet is greatly revealed through the repeated term "Fair, when," and through the central phrase: that her "cloud of pride, which oft doth dark" (line 7). Work Cited Fair Is My Love, by Edmund Spenser http://www.bartleby.com/331/122.html

Raisin in the Sun Play Response Essay

I thought the play â€Å"A Raisin in The Sun† was very good because it accurately displayed so many aspects of what life would be like in the 1950’s for African Americans. Full of conflict and racial tension, Hansberry creates a strong distinction between her different and unique characters. The main theme of dreams creates conflicts that are evident in the play because the family is aiming for an individual dream that seems to never happen; however, in the end, they get away form the individual dream and finally reach a common ground. Almost every character in Raisin in the Sun had a dream or goal, and it seemed like their dreams dictated their happiness or value in life. Walter is obsessed with becoming successful and rich in order to afford things for his family, why his sister Beneatha’s original dream to become a doctor ends up directing the choices she will make when she realizes that Walter has wasted the money to be put aside for her. Throughout everyone’s dreams and aspirations, it seems to me that Mama’s dream is probably the most important. For Mama, all she desires is to keep the family together. She realizes the importance of a strong and close family, and struggles to keep them together despite all of the failings and mishaps that the characters experience. To Mama, a strong and close family is the most important aspect of her life, and something she will constantly struggle to protect. I also found it very uplifting when the family is able to overcome all of the struggles and adversity, and still manage to reject Mr. Lindner’s offers to move out of the all-white neighborhood. In my opinion, this is the perfect conclusion to the play, as I believe it shows that Mama’s dream of having a strong and cohesive family is directly connected to the rest of the family’s goals as well. Despite the offers by Mr.  Lindner to help the individuals of the family in exchange for leaving the neighborhood, the family is able to put Mama’s dream in front of their own, which enabled the family to become a closer, happier family in the end, despite their individual struggles. While it seemed like the Youngers’ dreams were going to fester up and die, they were able to understand the importance of family that helped them to keep their dreams alive and achievable.

TOP 5 Chinese Apps to Learn English for English 101 Class

TOP 5 Chinese Apps to Learn English for English 101 Class Let’s face it, China is a big mobile nation. Nowadays, you can’t imagine a Chinese without a bunch of applications at the palm of their hand. The study shows that in 2017 the average mobile internet user had 40 apps installed on their phone.   There are apps virtually for any need: effective online shopping can be conducted with TaoBao and Alipay, social interaction is impossible without WeChat, and listening to music is way more enjoyable with Tik Tok. The sphere of education hasn’t skipped this trend. There are a lot of apps   that can make Chinese students’ English study become more convenient. We’ve come up with the list of 5 most effective and popular apps ready for download right now. 1. Keke English The leadership belongs to Keke English. This app has super rich learning resources, from basic daily conversation to international exams like TOEFL, IELTS, KeKe English provides a variety of learning resources. This is VOA Standard English: Known as the encyclopedia to learn about American English and America, VOA is a top material that many Chinese students use to practise English listening. And remember the popular TV show Sherlock on BBC in recent years? Here it is: This is the audio of the TV show. And besides Sherlock, dramas like The Vampire Diaries, Friends, The Big Bang Theory (audio only) are also available. The app offers abundant resources for English exams both home and abroad, like CET-4, CET-6, TOEFL, IELTS, GRE, etc. The user experience is pretty awesome, and the Chinese students will absolutely find this app a powerful tool. 2. Hai Ci Besides KeKe English, Hai Ci is another popular app liked by many Chinese English learners. It is originally a website, like Keke English, which later turned into a mobile version. It is one of the largest online dictionaries in the world, with 20 million words building a large vocabulary list and more than 100 million Chinese people using it. It provides related words in Chinese English exams from elementary school to university level, offering vocabulary practice for international exams like TOEFL, GRE, IELTS, etc. When you search the new word in the search bar, the Chinese meaning as well as examples of usage will show up in a single second: Not only does it give Chinese explanation, but also offers English explanation. Furthermore, you can also look up French, Korean, Spanish, Japanese and German words in it. Ready to download it? 3. Memrise Another good app to be suggested is Memrise. This app spreads its popularity from PC to mobile like Keke English. With it, you can learn a lot of languages, including English, Chinese, French, Japanese, Korean, German, Spanish, Italian and so on. Its Chinese version is really user-friendly: As it only provides English meaning for each word, it’s beneficial for learners to form the English thought. Moreover in Memrise, you can learn more than just a foreign language you can also learn courses in literature, math, art, medicine, geography, etc. For instance, this course is about the country names in Europe: The teaching language of every course is English only, so you can learn English at the same time. 4. Mint Reading In order to have good writing skills, it’s always necessary to do a lot of reading. Therefore, Mint Reading is on this list. This is a paid app liked by many people. In this app, you’ll learn English through many original English novels like Aesops Fables, The Phantom of the Opera, The Great Gatsby and so on. It has 4 levels of reading courses: beginner course classic course, improvement course and advanced c At first, it will give you a vocabulary test. Afterwards, the system will recommend the course which is suitable to your level. Then you buy the course (which is sold for 149 RMB) and begin your learning journey. The app updates on a daily basis and when you finish your daily reading, the app will give you relevant test to check your level of understanding. What’s more, its related WeChat groups have teachers to answer your questions and help you learn. You’ll find a lot of learners in different ages in these groups, they’re all like you, who want to improve their English. This app will just let you know that   reading can be fun, learning English can be fun, and learning English through reading is even more fun. 5. BaiCiZhan Want to remember English words in an unusual way? Then BaiCiZhan is for you. It is a kind of software designed for English learning, which focuses on showing pictures to help users recite English words. The app provides interesting pictures and sample sentences with each English word and makes memorizing English words a pleasant experience. It covers the vocabulary table of all kinds of English test, from junior high school English, senior high school English, college English test band four and six (CET), BEC to IELTS, TOEFL, SAT, GMAT, GRE, etc. How does this app assist your learning of the English language? For example, if the user is learning the word â€Å"gale†, BaiCiZhan will show the word class, its meaning in Chinese and English, a sample sentence and a picture to describe this sentence. A new learning section begins with multiple choice questions: One voice says the word and another says the sentence. After choosing the photo one thinks best matches the sentence, the answer is provided along with the words definition: Here’s another interesting example to show BaiCiZhan’s within the same section: This sort of picture has the ability to make you laugh sometimes. It suits for all kinds of Chinese student populations, from 12 to 24 years old, to prepare for their English tests. With the 5 excellent apps mentioned above, the Chinese students can expect to get far with their English and do a good job in their English 101 essay.

Rainforrest Deforrestation and Its Impact on Society essays

Rainforrest Deforrestation and Its Impact on Society essays Tropical rainforests cover 5 to 6 percent of the earths surface and they are disappearing at an alarming rate. Many ecologists, scientists, and even rock stars and countless other people all over the world have formed groups to help ease the destruction of the tropical rainforests. Many of these groups are trying to repair the damage that has already occurred as a result of this destruction. Most of the deforestation of the rainforests that we see today is through carelessness, and large corporations striving to make a profit. Today there are more than 150 activists groups that are concerned about the rainforests livelihood. Over consumption and overpopulation are the two main ways in which the destruction of the rainforests are destroyed. The United States is the largest user of natural resources and America contributes to more the destruction of the rainforests than any other country. In addition, the population of the world has grown exponentially over the last few decades, which has called for more use of natural resources to support the billions of people inhabiting our earth now. Every year an area the size of the state of Florida is destroyed. Many of the effects of the destruction are evident and some of these effects are long term. In the past, the people that are native to the tropical countries where the rainforests exist have cut down the trees in order to build homes, furniture, and to use as firewood. This use of the trees from the rainforest had had a minimal impact on the ecosystem of the rainforests. The trees used by the natives would regenerate themselves due to natural process, commonly known as Mother Nature. However, as of late, the individuals that are causing the destruction are not the natives, but rather people outside of the countries where the rainforests exists. For decades the natives have lived in harmony wit...

Discuss how curatorial practices shape an exhibition Essay

Discuss how curatorial practices shape an exhibition - Essay Example London, from 15th October, 2008 to 18th January, 2009; explores the dramatic rise of portraiture during the 15th and 16th century Renaissance, through the art works of great masters of Northern and Southern Europe. The exhibition is organised in collaboration with the Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid (Artdaily.org, 2008). It is essential that the exhibition is an intelligently planned and painstakingly executed interpretation of the art works selected. While providing for other possible understandings of the art displayed, it is essential to acknowledge the fact that some art pieces that might have been included to enhance the experience further, could not be procured. According to Storr (2006: 14), â€Å"a good exhibition is never the last word on its subject†. The exhibition’s curator, Susan Foister states that during the Renaissance, â€Å"great painters burst upon the scene with a fascination for the human likeness. They not only acquired the technique to do it, but also the intellectual liberation required to think about what it meant to an individual† (Higgins, 2008). After the dark ages, humanism greatly focused on the individual. The exhibition Renaissance Faces: Van Eyck to Titian at the National Gallery, London provides a rare opportunity to explore over seventy Renaissance portraits along with important sculptures, drawings and medals. Some major paintings have been loaned from the United Kingdom, Europe and North America. These are displayed alongside a selection from the rich in-house collection of Renaissance portraits in The National Gallery, London such as Holbein’s â€Å"The Ambassadors†. Similarly, outstanding masterpieces by Raphael, Titian, Botticelli, Van Eyck, Holbein, Durer, Lotto, Pontormo and Bellini are featured (Artdaily.org, 2008). The curator, Susan Foister has stated that the exhibition examines the reasons why portraits were made during the Renaissance, â€Å"the motivations that animated lives are the same as those today. Love,

The Engineers Concern about the Overhead Rate Going Up and Up in Assignment

The Engineers Concern about the Overhead Rate Going Up and Up in Managerial Accounting - Assignment Example A single hour of the labor carries an additional burden amount of $1,500 (Wagener, 2010). Moreover, the underlying labor cost contributes up to five percent of the prevailing cost of the product thus making it the main propeller of the all the cost of Fabricator Inc. Since one cost is utilized as the main pricing standard and in the case of the Fabricator Inc they use labor, their main concern that the underlying set standard might be cumbersome to accomplish (Warren, Reeve, Duchac, & Warren, 2012). Therefore, lost labor in its entity is inadequacies as an example is depicted by the prevailing management as either poor pricing or production (Warren, Reeve, Duchac, & Warren, 2012). Even though overhead is fundamental and normally demanded the production process, bid pricing that is mainly driven by labor as the standard would eventually be more expensive. The most effective means would be utilizing activity-based costing because Fabricator Inc mainly specializes in executing underlying customer orders and every order is unique and possesses different requirement. Utilizing single overhead rate is thus not acceptable (Wagener, 2010). The engineer has also mentioned that the standard was being worked around by the corresponding design engineering thus rendering the prevailing standard utilized by Fabricator Inc unreliable (Kaplan & Anderson, 2007). The engineer meant that high job cost standard for the project biding might infrequent the prevailing project managers mandated by pricing a job forbid when he said that a relatively large overhead rate is a disadvantage to the company in terms of placing bids and seeking new business (Lal & Srivastava, 2009). Any errors in the estimate for the labor hours would definitely possess massive implications in the operation of the company (Warren, Reeve, Duchac, & Warren, 2012). Moreover, miscalculation or rather a failure by few hours  could definitely imply that the company would either be losing the bid or correspondingly be losing money in case the job is acquired.